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November 9, 2011

Wrestling with MBA Application Essays

You are thinner, of course

If you know anyone who is applying to business school for the class of 2014, you may have heard them muttering to themselves, “What does matter most to me and why?” (Stanford GSB) or  “Have I ever learned anything from a setback?”  (Harvard Business School) They may be victims of an energy-draining syndrome that shows itself every year about this time called MBA essay nightmare.  It’s a regular sinkhole of drafting, pondering, redrafting, questioning, redrafting, wondering if it is getting better or worse, redrafting, and whining.

The essays matter.  Of course the GMAT does too, and, but the real differentiator is the answer to the question behind all those questions, “Why should we admit you to our business school?”

Your answer is going to be as unique as your own DNA. But getting there is quite the chore. You could watch this MBA Podcaster video on YouTube regarding essays (in which I feature with admissions reps from Wharton and Columbia Business School), or you could read on.

I’m going to tell you a secret.  Writing isn’t easy for anyone.  Oh, every so often, someone will tell you that they whipped up their essays the night before the deadline and were accepted everywhere they applied.   Fine.  That person is in the minority.

If you are finding that you are writing and rewriting, and rewriting again, and then stumbling, and rewriting, you are not alone.  Ernest Hemingway was said to have rewritten the ending of “For Whom the Bell Tolls” 39 times. That’s just the ending.  That means he already struggled with getting words down on paper for the first time.  Remember the movie “Adaptation,” where the character played by Nicholas Cage nearly drives himself crazy from writers block?   That should remind you that lots of people have faced down a blank page.

To write those essays, you have to start somewhere, and believe me, your first try doesn’t have to be perfect.  In fact, it can be terrible. Annie Lamott, author of Bird by Bird, a wonderful book on the writing process, life, and everything else, says it is ok to write whatever comes into your mind. “For me and most of the other writers I know, writing is not rapturous," she says. "In fact, the only way I can get anything written at all is to write really, really shitty first drafts.”

Death by Rewriting

Or what if you are looking at an essay that you’ve rewritten two or three times, and it still isn’t going anywhere?  It feels like it is getting worse word by word. Don’t be afraid to stop writing.  Read it first thing in the morning if you are an early person, or right before you go to bed if you are a late person. Or both. Keep your computer or a pen and a printout of the draft by your bed.  Print it out, walk around with it.

If you hate it, talk the essay over with a friend, confidant, or advisor.  Tell them the story without worrying about the words on the paper.  Does it makes sense? Are you excited by it? If not, go back and forth with this other person: have them tell you when they feel your energy.  If they don’t feel your energy at all when you tell them your story, believe me, the admissions officer won’t feel it either.  You may have to start all over.

These are just some quick ideas to remind you that it is perfectly OK for you to feel stuck. This is really, really normal.  Just don’t be afraid to rewrite, revise, and reconsider your own assumptions.  You probably don’t have to go around 39 times, but give yourself permission to work it until it's right.

October 11, 2011

Do You Need an MBA to Understand Business School Rankings?

Harvard is only ranked #4 by the Economist

A lot of clients ask: How much do business school rankings matter?  Are they accurate?  How should I use them to help me figure out what schools to apply to?  If you’ve had any of these questions, you are in very good company.  Figuring out how to interpret the rankings can be confusing.

Enter Tuck’s Assistant Dean Penny Paquette, herself a Tuck graduate.  Her recent blog post provides a much-needed but often-absent context for understanding rankings.  She explains that the major difference between rankings is the data they use (statistical data or survey opinions), and she outlines which rankings use which kind of data.  Some rankings, like those of US News and the Economist, use a combination of “hard” data and opinion.  Paquette also highlights additional factors in understanding rankings.  For hard data, it’s important to consider how rigorously the ranking publication verifies and analyzes the data.  For opinions, be mindful of whose opinion was asked, and when and how surveys are administered.

The bottom line: rankings provide certain information about schools, but they tell only a small part of the story.  Take them into consideration, but don’t give them too much weight.  Rankings can never fully reflect the rich complexity of business schools’ offerings, and they are no substitute for what matters most: finding schools that best fit you. And this advice comes from a school that has been ranked #2, #6, #7, #14, #18, depending on who you talk to.

Here’s a slightly condensed version of Paquette’s original post (to read the full text, go to her blog):

“There are five major rankings…BusinessWeek, The Economist, US News & World Report, Forbes, and the Financial TimesThe most important distinction among … [the rankings] … is their sources of information: statistical data or survey-based ‘opinions.’  Forbes and the Financial Times use hard data collected from the schools themselves and MBA alumni. BusinessWeek bases its rankings almost exclusively on survey-based opinions of students and corporate recruiters. US News and the Economist use a balance of hard data and opinion.

The usefulness to individual applicants of rankings based on hard data depends heavily on which data the ranking chooses to include (e.g., the FT includes lots of data designed to measure how “global” a program is while US News puts an emphasis on student quality and selectivity) and how rigorously the ranking publication checks the data and analyzes it (e.g., US News sends us back an analysis of this year’s data versus last year’s highlighting big differences and the FT visits schools periodically to do an audit).

The value of opinion-based rankings varies based on the selection of the group asked to give opinions (HR directors of companies that recruit MBAs in general versus managers who actually recruit at the various school), the way survey questions are crafted (asking the respondent to answer questions relative to expectations or relative to other programs that they have no knowledge of), and when the opinions are gathered (students as they are just graduating versus alumni 3-5 years out).”

So remember your first statistics lesson before you even go off to your MBA program -- almost anything can be done with numbers, so be honest with yourself!

--Alice Woodman-Russell

September 13, 2011

Wrangling Recommendations for MBA Admissions

Wrangling Recommendations is High Art

As we come up to the business school application deadlines, thousands of aspiring MBA students are asking their bosses, former bosses, senior colleagues, and even clients for recommendations to business school. Some might argue that it’s already too late to hit up a busy executive for a b-school recommendation, but if you plan and execute right, the amount of time remaining should be reasonable.

Don't Overthink
You can find many opinions about how to strategize the recommendations all over the web. I only have three words to say about it: Don’t overthink it. Admissions officers have come right out on their websites and told students what they are looking for in a recommendation, and I encourage you to take them at their word.

A classic article on this subject can be found on the Stanford Graduate School of Business website. Kirsten Moss, the GSB’s former Director of MBA admissions, offered clear advice for all applicants, not just Stanford. She purports that the recommendation is “about about bringing this person alive. How, if they left tomorrow, would [the] organization have been touched in a unique way. “

Note too, that admission committee members reading your letters of recommendation don’t want everything to be stellar. If all the recommenders say that the applicant is wonderful for the same reasons, or if the student looks like a demi-god, “it loses its authenticity.” says Stanford's Moss.

Derrick Bolton, Dean of Admissions at Stanford’s MBA program also guides students with ideas to make the letters specific:

You might review the recommendation form and jot down relevant anecdotes in which you demonstrated the competencies in question. Specific stories will help make you come alive in the process, and your recommender will appreciate the information.

And from Harvard Business School...
Dee Leopold, the very experienced and candid Director of Admissions at Harvard Business School, advises that recommenders answer the questions posed, and be specific (good advice for applicants as well as recommenders!). Furthermore, “Many recommendations are well-written and enthusiastic in their praise but essentially full of adjectives and short on actual examples of how your wonderful qualities play out in real life,” she explains. “What we are hoping for are brief recounts of specific situations and how you performed.” Her blog is not indexed, so I recommend searching for her posts of August 24, 2009 and June 17, 2008.

The always articulate Soojin Kwon Koh, Director of Admissions at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, allays fears that your recommenders must write perfect prose. “We won’t be evaluating your recommenders’ writing skills. We will be looking for content that helps us understand who you are as a professional and … the impact you had within your organization.” She also offers the following four specific tips

1. Choose substance over title (in other words, don’t ask your CEO)
2. Go with professional relationships
3. Make it easy for your recommender (For example, remind them of examples, in context)
4. Provide ample lead time

More Excellent Resources Available

Several students and former students have chimed in on the recommendations process. One of my favorite applicant blogs, Palo Alto For Awhile, thoughtfully offered a very specific step-by-step guideline for the recommendation process.

Another generous soul is Jeremy Wilson, who is on the Northwestern Kellogg admissions committee and currently a JD-MBA student there. He offers some answers on how to ask someone to write a recommendation who is very, very busy. Good question! His response is thoughtful, and action-oriented. I especially like his #3, “Highlight Why You Picked Them.”

Indeed, organizing and managing the recommendation process can be a challenge, especially if you are applying to a number of different schools. But it's a lot like managing a project at work: you've got to get buy-in and meet the deadlines.

I know you’ve got it in you.

September 7, 2011

More MBA Schools Accept the GRE & GMAT

Hot off the press,  Kellogg's full-time MBA program now accepts the GRE.  As does Cornell's Johnson School.  Here's the updated list as of September 7, 2011. It's always great to check; it wasn't on the Kellogg website until I emailed and -- voila! There's no harm in asking!

School GRE? Link
Columbia YES Columbia Business School
Cornell YES Cornell Johnson
Darden YES UVA Darden
HBS YES Harvard Business School
INSEAD YES INSEAD
Kellogg YES Kellogg MBA
Mich Ross YES University of Michigan Ross
MIT Sloan YES MIT Sloan
NYU Stern YES NYU Stern
Stanford YES Stanford GSB 
Tepper YES Carnegie Mellon Tepper
Texas YES Texas McCombs 
Tuck YES Dartmouth Tuck 
Wharton YES Wharton MBA
Yale YES Yale School of Management 
Duke MAYBE Duke Fuqua 
Cambridge NO Cambridge Judge
Chicago NO Chicago Booth 
Haas NO UC Berkeley Haas
LBS NO London Business School
Oxford NO Oxford Said
UCLA NO UCLA Anderson 

If you are looking for more schools the ETS link has a full list of MBA programs which accept the GRE.

December 9, 2010

Non-Traditional MBA Candidates and "Bizability"

It’s funny, but almost everyone I know is a non-traditional candidate for their MBA. And it scares them.  They think everyone else applying to business school comes from consulting or finance, and those not from those fields should just give up. We all know a few consultants, investment banking types, and more than a few engineers at business school. And indeed, if you look at the profiles of many business schools (here’s a link to the Wharton MBA site, where you will see a combination of 37% for those in finance and private equity).  But thousands of others from backgrounds in the arts, social enterprise, hard science, start-ups, and the military will make their way to MBA program of their choice in the fall of 2011. Really.

It’s a Master of Business Administration

Here’s something that most people don’t understand: getting into business school is not just about leadership.  Indeed, leadership is very important, and may be one of the most important elements of the application, but understanding what makes a business enterprise work is probably just as important.  Dee Leopold, the famed director of admissions at Harvard Business School, calls this business acumen “bizability.”  I wrote about it in a previous blog post, last August after watching her presentation to prospective students. Bizability is so important, that it is worth going over again.

The term bizability reminds students that they are (nearly always) applying to a school of business.  The degree is called a Master of Business Administration.  The Yale School of Management had tried for two decades to sell its Master of Public and Private Management (MPPM) degree, but the school officially changed the name to the MBA in 2000.   Business is about commerce, about enterprise, and even in the case of non-profits, it’s about making money. Dee Leopold described it as being “grounded in the language of business.”

Bizability means that students have to, at some level, like business. I once met a student who wanted a joint degree in education and business to fund a school, but she hated business. She didn’t care about it; she didn’t appreciate finance, she just thought it was all evil.  That is not a great admissions strategy. You have to like business well enough to have been exposed to what makes a company tick and want to learn more.

Drawing upon your own experiences

It doesn’t mean that you have to work in the private sector to “get” business.  You have to be able to appreciate what makes businesses work well. For those of you who have only worked in non-profit or government, think hard about where you have used actual business skills to succeed. Have you run – or do you work with — the budget for your department? Do you know how to read financial statements?  Do you follow the business press?  Have you ever run your own little business? You don’t have to answer “yes” to all of these questions, but they cannot scare you.

So think about what business school is about and what having a career with a business degree means. Think about words like industry, commerce, management, enterprise, company, market, trade, and finance. Do you have an affinity for any of these ideas? If so, you are on your way, and are perhaps not so scarily non-traditional after all.

August 2, 2010

Notes from an Admissions Expert

Filed under: Essays,Harvard Business School — Tags: , , , , — admin @ 8:25 pm

It’s an annual event. Harvard Business School kicks off the touring season, offering potential MBA candidates insights on the school, tips on applying, and chances for successful matriculation.

It’s a good show. I am even more impressed this year than I was last year, which I wrote about on 85 Broads .  Amazingly, it’s one year later. Dee Leopold, head of admissions, is the best. She has been on the Harvard Business School’s admissions committee on and off since she graduated in 1980. She knows the ropes.   Dee is funny, candid, and a great speaker.  Although her presentation is specific to HBS, I think anyone applying to any business school would to well to take on board her advice.

Dee Leopold’s presentation emphasized an overarching point --  Harvard Business School is looking for students who have already demonstrated a habit of leadership – that is, “we are finding leadership, not creating it out of thin air.”  And of course, that the work is challenging.  Last year, she made sure she reminded applicants that Harvard Business School is a school – that is, there’s a lot of work involved.  (I can attest to that point).  This year, her message was even more specific: students should have

  • An analytical aptitude and appetite
  • “Bizability”

Analytical Aptitude and Appetite

Because Harvard is known as school that focuses on leadership, many applicants forget that much of the learning depends on understanding the analytics.   Analytical aptitude is relatively easy to measure by looking at grades on quantitative undergraduate courses such as business statistics, calculus or econometrics.  Or  hard science or engineering courses. Admissions directors will also look at the quantitative portion of your standardized tests to judge that aptitude.  But it goes beyond that.

By emphasizing an analytical appetite, I believe that the HBS Admissions board wants to see that the prospective student likes to play with numbers, that he or she appreciates that quantitative analysis can help a leader make decisions.  This does not mean that the school is looking only for science or quant jocks. I personally know a number of amateur historians who are quite adept at getting in and crunching numbers – and that “appetite” is what the school is looking for.  Remember, the “s” in HBS stands for “school” and the admissions committee, the faculty, and prospective employers what to see that see students who roll up their sleeves and dig in to the analysis.

Bizability

To be honest, I had never heard this expression, so I was relieved when the HBS admissions director admitted that she had made it up.  And it’s a good word, one that goes back to what interests you. I personally think it means that a student has to like business and have a feel for what business does. This is even true for those coming from the public sector; Dee made it clear that she wanted to see prospective students “grounded in the language of business.”

It doesn’t mean that you have to work in the private sector to “get” business.  You have to be able to appreciate what makes businesses tick. For those of you who have only worked in non-profit or government, think hard about where you have used actual business skills to succeed. Have you run – or do you work with -- the budget for your department? Do you know how to read financial statements?  Do you follow the business press?  You don’t have to answer “yes” to all of these questions, but they cannot scare you.

So what if you have the analytical appetite, but haven’t proven the ability, or don’t think you have that “bizability” down? It’s not all over, but then, this might not be your year to apply.  Think about what business school is about and what having a career with a business degree means.  Talk to alums who have been through the programs and are doing what you want to be doing five or 10 years from now.

And for those of you who have these traits, try and articulate them.  Think about where you have gone in and crunched the numbers – whether it is for your own stock portfolio or regression analysis on a market research data. Or figuring out how to get your organization the most bang for a buck of grant money.

These are just some ideas to make  you comfortable with the idea of being a business person – particularly one who “gets it.”  It’s not magic, but it does have to be the right fit for you.

December 2, 2009

Inserting Emotional IQ into Your MBA Essays

Look at any business school’s website and you will see that the school’s primary goal is to teach leaders.  “We educate leaders who make a difference in the world,” proclaims Harvard Business School’s mission page. Stanford’s leaders are “innovative, insightful, and principled.”  Wharton says its leadership programs are “the heart of MBA life.”

Business schools want leaders coming in, and even better leaders coming out.
The good news for students applying for a business degree–and particularly for those who are struggling with their essays right now—is that the definition of leadership is extremely broad. And while there is some debate over what types of leaders are more effective, you can bet that admissions officers are looking for individuals that demonstrate many of the characteristics described in Daniel Goleman’s classic 1998 Harvard Business Review article,  What Makes a Leader?

Daniel Goleman, of Emotional Intelligence fame, attempted to answer the question with research into the attributes of effective leaders.  “It’s not that IQ and technical skills are irrelevant,” he says. “They do matter, but mainly as ‘threshold capabilities.’ But my research, along with other recent studies, clearly shows that emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership.”

The Five Components
Goleman’s five components of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill— comprise a useful framework to use when writing admissions essays. A candidate need not show all of these five components, (nor all of the more specific subcomponents), but should be able to demonstrate a healthy number of these characteristics in her application.

I believe admissions committees consider self-awareness one of the most important characteristics of a mature candidate.  According to Goleman, hallmarks of self-awareness include “self-confidence and realistic self-assessment.”   Business schools want their students to know who they are, and to understand their own foibles.  They recognize that a 27-year old still has a lot to learn, but is still an adult who knows who she is inside as well as the effect she has on others.

Goleman identifies “comfort with ambiguity” and “openness to change,” as hallmarks of the “self-regulation” component of emotional intelligence.  Self-regulation separates the good candidates from great candidates.  Business life is filled with unpredictable events. The leaders who will excel are the ones who will be able to roll with change, not in a detached way, but realistically.  Stuff happens.  Sometimes it is good for the bottom line, sometimes not.  And sometimes it’s just not clear. If a candidate has an example of achievement in spite of ambiguity, I encourage her to write about it.

The third characteristic is motivation. Most MBA candidates are well-motivated; anyone who has gone through the GMAT ordeal has a strong drive to achieve.  According to Goleman, motivation also encompasses, “optimism, even in the face of failure.”  Motivation complements the essay questions  that ask you to describe your learning from a mistake or failure: not only is a leader to stay motivated when things aren’t going her way, she is also open to learning from her mistakes.

The fourth concept, empathy, was in the news a few months ago when President Obama nominated now-confirmed Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.  She was said to bring a “quality of empathy” to the office. Goleman makes clear that empathy isn’t about people-pleasing.  Rather, he says, it’s about “thoughtfully considering employees’ feelings – along with other factors – in the process of making intelligent decisions.” This could show itself as cross-cultural sensitivity or outstanding service to clients and customers.  And for managers, empathy will show up as expertise in building and retaining talent.

Social skill, the fifth characteristic of emotional intelligence, is related to empathy, but shows itself as “a knack for building rapport,” in persuasiveness, and in “effectiveness in leading change.”   The words “social skill” can sometimes be misinterpreted, but they are truly important in what makes a leader more than just a manager.  Leaders can be diplomatic, and know how to give and receive feedback, and know that that people need to work together to achieve a goal.  Social skill helps things work together better.

All five components of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill, are important attributes of the kind of person who will succeed in a rigorous MBA program. If you are writing or reviewing your essays now, see if you can stress-test your responses against emotional intelligence characteristics.  If they are aligned, you are well on your way.  If not, it’s back to the drawing board, but you’ve still got four weeks to go.

November 24, 2009

More MBA Essay Tips: The Remarkable You

Filed under: Essays — Tags: , , , , , — admin @ 3:18 pm

About a week ago, I gave an MBA essay workshop to about 25 aspiring students and each one was remarkable.   I don’t think they all would have agreed with my statement until they saw it with their own eyes.

To start the evening off, we went around the room, and each person gave one true and one false statement about themselves.  You can guess how it turned out—everyone’s true statement was more interesting than their false statement.  One woman was an avid motorcyclist, another had been an NFL cheerleader, one guy was a professional poker player and another owned a spa.   I promise! I did not stack the deck.

These were amazing people who were humble enough to think they weren’t amazing.  Perhaps too humble?

In fact, many students I meet think they are just routine—if they are overachievers they tell me they have “cookie cutter” backgrounds for an MBA program, so they won’t stand out.  If they have an atypical background, they think that they are unqualified if they haven’t worked for McKinsey or Goldman Sachs.   Everyone thinks the other guy is the perfect applicant.

To make matters worse, many aspiring students read the sample essays in get-into-MBA-school guides and think that they haven’t achieved enough because they haven’t single-handedly saved the world from Somali pirates.

Here’s the deal: nearly everyone I meet is qualified to get into an excellent business school program, because they are all really dynamic, interesting people. That’s because each one of them has had a set of experiences different from anyone else’s and has influenced the world in their own special way.

One fellow I met had written a fairly boring set of essays about his work achievements.  I couldn’t find the passion.  We talked about his outside interests, and I had learned he was an avid skier.   Then I learned he been a member of the U.S. National Ski Patrol for a number of seasons.  I asked, “Did you ever save anyone’s life?” Of course he did, but he probably didn’t even know which life he saved.   He made a difference, that’s for sure. And he got into Harvard Business School.

Still, not everyone needs to write about life and death experiences.  It’s ok to write about running a road race even if you think everyone is writing about the IronMan Triathlon.  What if that road race is as big a challenge to you as a marathon might be to a more experienced runner? You set up your goals, you taught yourself to put one foot in front of another, and you did it. You don’t have to tell the admissions committee that you did it because you wanted to lose five pounds; it doesn’t matter.  What matters is that you set a goal and you met it.  Now that’s something to write about.

October 10, 2009

HBS Update on Interviews

Filed under: Application ideas — Tags: , , , , , — admin @ 2:02 pm

This is more a long tweet than a blog post, and I apologize up front. But for all those who are anxious about Harvard Business School's first-round interviews, Admissions Director Dee Leopold says invitations will start trickling out October 16 to Dec. 15.

HBS Round 1 Update

She writes:
Round 1 Update
Date: October 09, 2009

Greetings. We're already deep into round 1 applications. As the leaves begin to turn colors (shameless plug for our spectacular foliage in New England) our board members burrow into their offices or study carrels in the library and we're drinking lots of coffee in Spangler in order to keep us on schedule.

We expect to begin sending out interview invitations on October 16. This year we may not be trying to send as many out on one day as we did last year... maybe more like a not-scientifically-measured stream until December 15. We really (really, really, really) don't know how many will go out on any given day. If you call and ask, we will say exactly that.

Interviews will take place during the month of November in Boston and in other hub cities. Detailed instructions to candidates about how to sign up for interviews will be included in their email invitation from us.

Don't worry about whether our email will get lost and we'll give away your interview spot. We don't do that. We'll find you. We've been doing this for a long time and we haven't lost anyone yet!

I will post updates whenever I think it would be helpful and others in our office will keep you current through Twitter and Facebook.

And I'm hoping that I can devote one post each week to answering your questions.

August 1, 2009

Reflections on an evening with the Harvard Business School Admissions Director

Filed under: Recommendations — Tags: , — admin @ 2:25 pm

Last night at the high-ceilinged corporate offices of the Gap in San Francisco, Dee Leopold, head of the Harvard Business School admissions committee, held court with about 150 eager and aspiring students. Dee is particularly impressive, not only because she is head of admissions at HBS, but because she has been in this position for nearly 20 years.

The messages were clear, and she laid out a very specific lesson plan for potential applicants.

Dee talked about the three ways the applications board looks at a candidate: leadership, intellectual capability, and social/non-profit contribution.

Leadership, she said, can be as individual as each person applying for admission to the program. Some people are president of every club, some are great with small groups, and some are thought leaders. It’s something that is unique to the individual.

Intellectual rigor and curiosity are easier to pin down. At Harvard, which uses the case method, each student, no matter how “smart,” needs to be able to contribute intelligently to the discussion. In Dee’s words the admissions board members are looking for “givers vs. takers.”

As for non-profit and community activities, Harvard, like every business school, wants its future leaders to be part of making the world a better place. That’s fairly straightforward – they want someone who has shown a pattern of engagement.

Further Takeaways
Years of work experience: The trend of average years of work experience has been falling from about five years to three years. The numbers work out so that about half the entering class will have more than three years’ experience. At an entering class of over 900, that’s 450 students – a sizeable pool. Two years of work experience is the minimum, as evidenced by the new 2+2 program, which requires students to work for two years before entering the MBA program. In the class entering in 2009, only two students came straight from college out of an entering class of over 900.

Recommendations: Like all schools, they want recommendations from someone who knows you well. Dee specifically said she wanted the recommender to be someone more experienced than the applicant. For Harvard, peer reviews are out.

Required Watching
Even if you’ve been to a class on campus to watch student engagement, Dee suggested that the “Inside the Case Method” video should be required viewing for all students thinking of attending HBS. Download it, watch it, and think about how you, too, can contribute in that environment.

http://www.hbs.edu/teachingandlearningcenter/case-method/insidehbscasemethod.html

Finally, in putting together the application, the admissions director reminds students to “execute cleanly”. I interpret that as: no typos, keep to the word limits, fill the forms out right. You know how to put together a professional package. There’s little room for error.

Good luck!

© 2008-2012 Betsy Massar, Master Admisisons, Berkeley, CA. All Rights Reserved.